The most recent research demonstrates that there were no detectable exposures for bystanders who reside in homes of homeowner or commercially treated lawns or for barefoot, barelegged bystanders who actively walked or sat on turf grass for one hour 24 hours after application.

Several researchers at the University of Guelph, in Canada, have completed studies on human exposure to applications of 2,4-D for the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. These studies show the highest observed exposures for homeowners and commercial applicators were well below the lifetime ADI (acceptable daily intake) as established by the World Health Organization.